Jefferson Transcription System – A guide to the symbols

What is the Jefferson Transcription System?

“Jeffersonian Transcription” or the “Jefferson Transcription System” is a conversational analysis code used by academics looking at speech patterns. It can also be useful for anyone trying to annotate a conversation or the style of a participant in a conversation. It takes quite a bit more time than conventional transcription and as such, it usually comes at a premium cost. Gail Jefferson was the pioneer of this system hence the name.

Jefferson Transcription provides a method for annotating speech with details of performance, acts, texts, movement, the interaction between actors, content, and context. Click here to see an example of the Jefferson system in practice.

It is not recommended for simple transcription as you will see below. Certain elements of it can assist in a range of settings – for example, if you are looking for an indication of when a participant’s voice has got higher or lower – but the overall usage is really only relevant to academics looking to study conversation in some detail.

The table we use at UniversityTranscriptions for undertaking conversational analysis transcription can be found below. The first view is the .pdf version, with the table version below. We have also included another table with alternative symbols included.

Transcription Symbols for Conversational Analysis

Symbol	Definition and use
[yeah] [okay]	Overlapping talk
=	End of one TCU and beginning of next begin with no gap/pause in between (sometimes a slight overlap if there is speaker change). Can also be used when TCU continues on a new line in the transcript.
(.)	Brief interval, usually between 0.08 and 0.2 seconds
(1.4)	Time (in absolute seconds) between the end of a word and the beginning of the next. Alternative method: “none-one-thousand-two-one-thousand…”: 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 seconds, etc.
Word [the first letter underlined] Wo:rd [colon underlined]	Underlining indicates emphasis. Placement indicates which syllable(s) are emphasized. Placement within a word may also indicate timing/direction of pitch movement (later underlining may indicate the location of pitch movement)
wo::rd	The colon indicates a prolonged vowel or consonant. One or two colons common, three or more colons only in extreme cases.
↑word ↓word	A marked shift in pitch, up (↑) or down (↓). Double arrows can be used with extreme pitch shifts.

.,_¿?	Markers of final pitch direction at TCU boundary: Final falling intonation (.) Slight rising intonation (,) Level/flat intonation (_) Medium (falling-)rising intonation (¿) (a dip and a rise) Sharp rising intonation (?)
WORD	The upper case indicates syllables or words louder than surrounding speech by the same speaker
°word°	Degree signs indicate syllables or words distinctly quieter than surrounding speech by the same speaker
<word< td=””></word<>	Pre-positioned left carat indicates a hurried start of a word, typically at TCU beginning
word-	A dash indicates a cut-off. In phonetic terms, this is typically a glottal stop
>word<	Right/left carats indicate increased speaking rate (speeding up)
	Left/right carats indicate decreased speaking rate (slowing down)
.hhh	Inbreath. Three letters indicate ‘normal’ duration. Longer or shorter inbreathes indicated with fewer or more letters.
ahh	Outbreak. Three letters indicate ‘normal’ duration. Longer or shorter inbreathes indicated with fewer or more letters.
whhord	Can also indicate aspiration/breathiness if within a word (not laughter)
w(h)ord	Indicates abrupt spurts of breathiness, as in laughing while talking
£word£	Pound sign indicates smiley voice, or suppressed laughter
#word#	Hash sign indicates creaky voice
~word~	Tilde sign indicates shaky voice (as in crying)
(word)	Parentheses indicate uncertain words; no plausible candidate if empty
(( ))	Double parentheses contain analyst comments or descriptions

Showing 1 to 24 of 24 entries

Transcription Symbols used by University Transcriptions for Conversational Analysis/Jefferson Transcription.

There is another table, which is slightly different, although we do not use this ourselves.

Jefferson Transcription System Symbols

Symbol	Description
(.)	A micropause – a pause of no significant length.
(0.7)	A timed pause – long enough to indicate a time.
[ ]	Square brackets show where speech overlaps.
><	Arrows showing that the pace of speech has quickened.
<>	Arrows showing that the pace of the speech has slowed down.
( )	Unclear section.
(( ))	An entry requiring comment but without a symbol to explain it.
Underlining	Denotes a raise in volume or emphasis.
↑	Rise in intonation
↓	Drop-in intonation
→	Entered by the analyst to show a sentence of particular interest. Not usually added by the transcriber.
CAPITALS	Louder or shouted words.
(h)	Laughter in the conversation/speech.
=	Will be at the end of one sentence and the start of the next. It indicates that there was no pause between them.
: : :	Colons – indicate

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University	National University of Singapore (NUS)
Subject	Psychology

Jeffersonian Transcription” or the “Jefferson Transcription System” is a conversational analysis code used by academics looking at speech patterns: Psychology Assignment, NUS, Singapore

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